Endoscope means for the internal examination of the human body



Sept. 25. 19.56

ENDOSCOPE MEANSFOR THE INTERNAL EXAMINATION Filed July l1. 1950 E. SHELDON OF THE HUMAN BODY 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 A TMR/Vfl Sept. 25. 1956 E. E. sHELDoN ENnoscoPE MEANS EOE THE NTEENAL EXAMINATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 11. 1950 k @Naw Sept- 25 1956 E E. sHl-:LDoN 2,764,148

EINDOSCOPE MEANS'FOR THE INTERNAL EXAMINATION oF 'rl-1E HUMAN BODY Filed July 11, 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 lolo Irl( I- W l l 'n a l EN YQ d t P wxs?.

INVENTOR.' 500i/Afa' E. SHELoo/v.

Sept. 25. 1956 E. E. sHELDoN 2,764,148

ENnoscoPE MEANs .EoR THE NTERNAL EXAMINATION oF THE HUMAN BODY Filed July l1. 1950` 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 1N VEN TOR.- vn/4R0' E. $1.15.'. 00M

United States Patent Occ sssuoscorrt Mams son 'ma INmNAr." nxamNa'noN or nm HUMAN somrv namumnemdsqrsnvamr. appuugmyrnrssasuumnraus 1cm... (criss-4) This invention relates to a novel instrument i. e. instrument for examination of the internal organs of the body such as e. g. tract including oesophagus, stomach, intestine small and large, rectum, pulmonary tract including trachea, bronchi, urinary Atract or peritoneal and pleural cavities and has a common subject atter with my co-pending patent application Ser. No. 0,243, tiled November 13, 1952. This invention is related to my co-pending applications, Ser. No. 15,222, for Method and Device for Endoscopy, tiled March 16, 1948, and now abandoned, and Ser. No. 227,911, for Method and Device for Investigation of Human Bodies, tiled May 23, 1951. The present'endoscopic devices consist of straight tubes which are either hollow or are provided with lenses or prisms. Due to inability of light to see around the corners, the present endoscopes have to be absolutely straight and rigid so that the eye of the examiner and the examined part of the patients body are in one straight line. The endoscopes using optical lenses or prisms do not improve this situation as the shape and the size of examined organs is so variable that the position of the curves and angles of the organs is absolutely unpredictable and therefore the lenses or prisms cannot be positioned to anticipate these multiple deviations of the axis of the examined organ from the straight line.

The purpose of my invention is to provide a meth and device for visual examination of the internal organs regardless of their size and shape and of the angle of their curvatures which was impossible until now and represents therefore an important process in medical diagnosis.

Another purpose of this invention is to provide means for introduction of the endoscopic instrument into a patients body under constant visual control which is the most important factor in the safety of performance of endoscopic examination.

Another purpose of my invention isto enable simultaneous observation by many examiners, in close or remote locations, which was not possible until now. 'Ihis is of great importance as the endoscopic procedures being extremely strenuous for the patient have to be performed very fast so that there is no timeavailable for other examiners to inspect the examined eld.

Another purpose of my invention is to provide means for simultaneous visual inspection, and photographic recording of the examined organ which also has never been possible before. r

'I'he objectives of my inventionwere realized by a novel endoscopic system, which after its introduction into A,callcenter ama Y examined bility but also to maintain the proper degree of flexibility 2 Y showingfa'idifullythecolorsofthe Another purpose of my inventionis toprovide means l for impacting inaccessible internal parts of machinery.

My device may be introduced at a part which cannot be inspected visually without dismantling or destroying the whole machine, and will transmit the image of said part to the Aobserver outside of said part.

Another objective of my invention is to intensify the imageoftheexaminedinternalpartsothatthenal image will be presented to the observer with'the luminosity'fscilitating inspection of said image.

Another objective of this invention is to change or amplify the contrast of the image of the examined internal part.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 represents a partially sectioned view of the endomus;

Fig. 2 represents a sectional view of the television pick-up tube used in the endoscope illustrated in Fig. l;

Fig. 3 represents a photovoltaic photocell;

Fig. 4 represents a partially sectioned view of a modicaton of the endoscope for color image reproduction;

Fig. 5 represents a partially sectioned view of a modiiication of the endoscope, using ilying spot kinescope;

Fig. 6 represents a partially sectioned view of the ying spot kineswpe;

Fig. 6a represents an elevational view of the rotating color disc; l

Fig. 7 represents a partially sectioned view of the endoscope producing colored images.

'Ihe new endoscope is shown in Fig. l.

The lhandle 1 is a rigid tube of diameters corresponding to the examined organ 2a of the patient, and serves to move the endoscope into a desired direction. At the end of the handle begins the exiblc part 2 of the endoscope which also has the width and length appropriate for the size of the organ being investigated.

The tlexible part 2 of the endoscope is made of the stainless steel spiral sheet 23 designed not only for duraand elasticity. The metal spiral is tapered to'insure its uniform bending. The proximal and the distal portions of the spiral are thicker than the mid portion. The spiral is covered with rubber tubing 24 which is again covered with paratubing 25. On the top of the paratubing an outer tubing 26 of neoprene is applied. This prevents dust particles and moisture from atecting the optical and pick-up system located inside of the endoscope. At the end of the exible part there is a semi-tlexible tip 3 which is screwed on the ilexible part by means of threads 4 and can be easily removed giving thereby access to the inner structures of the endoscope. The tip consists of a solid rubber conical linger and serves to facilitate the gliding of the endoscope within the examined organ. In order to facilitate the introduction of the endoscope in the parts which have no curves the endoscope can-be made semi-rigid by inserting into it a semi-rigid stilet.

In the distal end of the tlexible part of the endoscope there is a rigid non-transparent housing box 5 contaimng the illumination system. The box is attached to the inner walls of the endoscope by means of the brackets 6 and the threaded tube 6a. The brackets are soldered to the inner walls of the endoscope. The brackets 6 support the tube 6a which is threaded in its internal diameter. The housing box has a circular shape, is threaded in itsexternal diameter and is screwed into the tube 6a.

.This arrangement facilitates proper positioning ofthe i i 2,164,148- Patented` Sept. 25, .11956 t 3 is correlated with the window 12 in the flexible part of the endoscope which is provided with transparent glass 13 and which transmits the light from the illuminating system to the examined part.

I'he illuminating system consists of the electrical bulb 2 7.- The electrical bulb is mounted in the yhousing box 5 by means of a socket 7a. The electrical bulb is tted into the socket and screwed ontofit. The lamp filament is placed to give the maximum intensity of light. In

some cases it is advantageous to use the objective lens l1 between the light bulb and window in order to concentrate the light on one tield. 'Ihe lens is held in position by brackets 11a. The,light bulb is activated by the source of electrical power 9 situated outside of the examined body. Such a source may be thecommercial electrical house current or battery of dry cells.' The ilexible'electrical cable 8 leads from the socket 7a to said outside source of electrical current 9. 'I'he cable is a lacquered, double insulated electric wire, is covered .in

addition with liquid rubber and is vulcanized in order"tp prevent a short circuit. A In some instances instead of the incandescent light source, a miniature mercury arc rs preferable.

rn :ne flexible pm z proximauy m the housing 150x s,-

there is another rigid non-transparent housing compartment 14 containing the optical system 15 and the tele obviously does not represent the inventive idea as it -is well known in the art. The television pick-up tube is held in the housing 14 by means of the socket 4I mounted in the inner wall of the housing 14. I'he socket is supplied with multiple vexible wire leads 3l it with the outside source of electrical power 39. The light *image of the examined part of the body is projected by w the lens 21 on the photoconductive photocathode 27 of the pick-up tubey 16. The satisfactoryphotoconductive materials are selenium, CuzO,Y germanium; thalliurn sulphideand lead sulphide or selenide. Many sulphides, y

selenides and oxides exhibit strong photoconduction and can be used for this purpose. The light transparent con?V ducting layer 28 serves as a signal plate. It can be .of a veryvthinflight transparent layer of a conductive terial. .The image of theexamined partis `focused'on the photocathode 27 and produces changes vin its. convision pick-up tube 16. The housing 14 has an opening 17 in which `the optical system l5 is lodged and which serves to admit the image of the examinedA part. This opening is correlated with window 18 in the'tlexiblepart of the endoscope which is provided with transparent glass 19 and which transmits the image of the. examined-part. 'Ihe housing 14 containing the television pick-up system and the optical system is attached tothe inner wall of the exible part 2 of the endoscope by means of brackets 43 and the tube 43a. T'he brackets are soldered or welded to the inner wall of the endoscope, so that the housing is securely held in a proper position.--\'I`hesebracketssup lport the tube 43a which is threaded in its internal diarr-l i eter. The housing box 14 has a vcircular shape, is threaded on its external surface and is screwed into the tube 43a. This arrangement facilitates proper position-y ing of said housing box.

The optical system consists of 90 gable prism of Amici 20 and of condenser lens 2l. This prism is designed Anot only to pick up vthe right rays rctlected from the walls of the examined organ and to refract them to the condenser lens 2l, but also serves to rotate the image to the correct side, i. e. it makes the object to the right of the objective appear-to the right in the visual field. The prism 20 and lens 21 are mounted in the cylindrical bracket 22 which is threaded. This bracket is screwed to the aperture 17 provided in the housing box 14, which is threaded for this purpose.

metal or of any other transparent and conductive ma.

ductivity according to theV pattern of theflight image. The photocathode is scanned by electron beam 3l from the electron gun 32. The electron gun is well in `the art and therefore does not need any further descripe' tion. The-scanning .electron beam may be of aA high velocity such as applied in the iconoscope or of v'a velocity.' A low velocity scanning beam 31 is'used in this embodiment of the invention and is controlled by the deflection yoke 4l. A uniform magnetic vor electrostatic field 42 'is used to focus the scanning The scanning beam striking the photocondu'ctive layer 29 deposits electrous` thereon and .charges it to the potential of the. cathode of the electron gun. The signal plate layer- 28` is charged positively from'an extraneous .source of elecf power 30. The. resistance o f the lphotocoriductive layer is great enough-to prevent passage of charges its scanned side to thel positive signal plate. If however f' ithe photoconductive layer is illuminated its resistance decreases proportionally to the intensity of the incident` light and the time of illumination. Thismakes possible the 4llow of charges through the photoconductive layer and the scanned side of Vsaid layer becomes between successive scans 1-2 volts positive in relation to the potential of the cathode of the electron gun. During the next scan the electron beam' neutralizes this positive charge on the photoconductive layer and produces thereby a l I `video signal which ows through the signal plate layer 28 over resistance to the amplifiers 36. The amplifiedk `video signals are sent by coaxial-cable or by high frequency waves to the receiver of kinescope type 37 or In S0m Cases it is desirable t0 have a 1218 field' 0f 55 facsimile type in which they are reconverted into visible vision and at the same time to preserve the necessary magnification of the examined part. In such a case, instead of the prism 20, a rotating mirror should be used. The mirror has first surface coating, which eliminates the reections, and isactivatedfby the magnetic solenoid ected by the mirror on the objective lens which focuses said image on the photocathode of the television' pick-'zr up tube as described before. In case the magnification of the examined part is not necessary a large eld of vision can be obtained by using the lens providing 80 field of vision instead of the usual 45-50'. The image produced by the optical system l5 is inverted but it can'V be reverted to the original position either by an additional lens or electron-optically in the viewing'tube.

images. In a close proximity to the scanned side of the photoconductive layer is disposed a mesh screen 30a which serves to provide a uniform lield in front of the photocathode 27. Transmission of the image from the amplifier 36 to the viewing tube can be done by coaxial cable 35 or high frequency waves. The image -source of electricaljpower situated outside of the examinedbody by means ofthe ilexible electrical wires.

IIn the same way the horizontal and .vertical synchrnin'ng vcircuits, focusing rings and `deecting circuits are supplied with electrical energy from an outside source. The

:sources 'of vthe electrical power are of high frequency so that the danger of shock-is eliminatedin Acase should the insulationv of cables fail. The synchronizing 41a and deecting'cir'cuits 41and' focusing coils 42 arenot not require any more Ithe maintenance of straight line between the eye'of the" examiner and the examined .part which wasy a necessity in all present endoscopic linstruments. In this way hitherto inaccessible parts of. the body will be open'fordiagnostic purposes which was themain record which was another'purpose of this invention.

In some organs', such as, for example, Yin the stomach. .the examined part has to be distended by airinsutllation f 6 body. The smplitied videosignalslare conducted bythe' coaxialcable35atotheviewingtube'55otthekinescope type. The video signals` modulate the scanning beam lA of the kinescope 55. The modulated the kinescope striking the lluorescent screen 61 of the kinescope is reproducing the irnages'f the examined part.

These images are projected rthrough the color wheel 50a rotating synchronously with the similar color wheel 50 in front of the pick-up tube.. In this way three colored images of the examined part are projected on the tinal screen 56 in Vw of the second, blending thereby. into one multicolored image due to persistence of the vision of the objective of this invention. The image 37a on the viewing tube 37 may be photographed simultaneously with the endoscopic examination in order Vto make a permanent prior to the examination. A special ail'l pump attachment l 444is provided for this purpose.- The knob 45 on the handle 1 serves to indicate to the examiner the position of windows 12 and 18 in 'the Iexible part of the Incase a true color image of the examinedA organ is wanted, a mechanically driven rotating color .wheel G composed of three basic chromatic lters 51, 52 and 53 is placed before the television pick-up tube 16, see Figures 4 and 6a. A similar wheel 50a rotating vsynchronously 'with'the first color wheel 50 is placed in front of the picturetube 55 in the receiver. Each examined eld is scanned and reproduced in succession through a dfferent primary color in the filter wheel.. Therefore three colored images, red, green and blue are proiected on vthe lnalviewing screen 56 in V40 second. The persistence.

of vision lasts longer than j/m'of a second therefore these three color images fuse in the mind of the observer and a multi-colored reproduction 57 corresponding to the trie colors of the examined organ results. 'Ihe color wheels 50 and 50a are driven by induction motor' 58, synchronized by synchronization stage which compares the in- A coming pulses with locally generated ones and thereby controls the speed and the phase of the disc. Since the color wheels synchronization is obtained from the videowave form, the phasing of the color filters is automatically selected, that is a given color automatically appears before the receiver tube-when that color is present before the pick-up tube. A

The illuminating system consisting of electrical bulb 7 and lens 11 in this modification of endoscope is the same as described above and shown in Fig. l. The mounting of the illuminating system also is the same as shown in Fig. 1. The optical system is essentially the same as described above and shown in Fig. l. In some cases additional lenses 21aV may be used between the rotating wheel 50 and the television pick-up tube 16 for a better focusing of the image 'of the examined part on vthe photocathode of the pick-up tube 16. The mounting of the optical system is the same as shown in Fig. l. The rotatobserver. The resulting multi-colored images 51 can be Fig. 6a. It has three sections of colored glass correspondmg'to three basic chromatic values such as red 5l, blue 52 and green 53.

Another modilication of my invention is in Fig.

f5. This form of the invention is specially suitable for the l examination of organs having a smaller inner diameter,

" in which case the maximum degree of miniaturization of the endoscope is necessary. This modification of the consists of a rigid part 65, exible part 66 and semiaensre up 61. 'The mechanical construction of these parts is thesame as described above'and does not have to be repeated. The internal structures of the tlexible part 66 are completely dilerent; In particular theilluminating system is replaced in this-modification by the flying kinescope.v The miniature dying-spot kinescope 68 is A shown in Fig. 6 and is a`vacuum mbe provided with an electron gun -69 producing a line beam of electrons 69a, with circuits 70 for detlecting said electron beam in two mutually perpendicular directions and a screen 74 coated with a fluorescent material. The electron gun consists of an electron emission source 75 and an electron-optical system to focus the electrons into a tine beam. 'Ille electron optical system has also means 76 to control the intensity of the current of said electron beam. The elec- Atron-optical system may consist of magnetic and electrostatic lenses combined. 'Ihetirst lens77 is very close to the cathode, is of electrostatic type and acts to compress the emitted electron beam into a narrow bundle called cross-over. The cross-over is imaged by the second lens 78 which may be of electrostatic or magnetic type on the fluorescent screen 74. The cathode may be of thermionic type. 'I'horiated tungsten or barium and strontium oxide are suitable materials for this type of the cathode. The cathode is heated indirectly by the tungsten heater 79. 'Ihe fluorescent screen of the kinescope must be of a phosphor of a very short persistence in order to obtain a good resolution of image. 7h10 phosphor has ing color wheel 50 in front of the television pick-up tube Y is mounted on the bracket 59 which is attached to the inner wall of the mounting ofthe optical system. The rotating wheel is activated by the synchronous motor 58 situated outside of the examined part of the body and connected to the wheel by means of the llexible insulated cable 59a. The television pick-up tube 16 is the same as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 and is mounted in the rigid decay time of one microsecond and is suitable therefore for this purpose. Still better results will be obtained by applying ZnS phosphor and utilizing only the ultravioletv component of its uorescent emission which has the decay time of M0 microsecond. The electron beam of the kinescope has to scan the uorescent screen in a predetermined pattern. This scanning motion of the electron beam is'obtained by the electrostatic or magnetic fields which produce deflection of said beam. Two lelds at the right angle to the axis of the electron gun are used. V'l'lrey are provided by the dellection yoke 70 consisting of two pairs of deflecting coils slipped'ovcr the neck of the tube.l

' One dellecting field is produced by the horizontal detlec` tion coil and has line frequency i. e. 15750 cycles/sec. Another detlecting eld is produced by the vertical deection coil and has field frequency, i. e. cycles/sec.

' In this way the electron beam is made to move in across the screenand to return to its original position. The source of the dellection fields is the synchonizing generator which produces saw-tooth wave signals. The elfect of applying these two saw-tooth currents to the deecting coils is to have the electron beam in the kinescope to describe series of horizontal lineson the fluorescent screen producing the standard scanning pattern.

scanningbeaminvisually examinedon the screen 56 or may berecorded. A s\mThe multicolor rotating wheel is shown in front view The light produced by. the kinescope is projected by means of the objective prism 81 on the examined part. The light rellected from the examined part is gathered by the prism 82 and by the condenser prism system 83 and Vis projected onto photocathode 84 of the photocell- 85.

68a mounted in the'inner wall of the housing. The socket is supplied with multiple llexible wire leads 88 connecting it with the outside source of electrical power 89. The objective prism 81 for the kinescope is attached to the inner wall of the housing by means-of bracket 81a. The optical system consists of 90 gable prism of Amici 82 and of condenser lens 83. This prism is designed not only to pick-up the light rays reilected from the walls of the examined organ and to refract them to the oondenser lens 83 but also to rotate the image to the correct side, i. e. objects to the right of the objective will appear to the right in the visual field. The prism and the lens are mounted in the cylindrical bracket which is threaded. The bracket is screwed to the inner wall of the housing scanning illumination of lthe examined 'body are con verted by the photoconductive photocell 85 into uctuationsof the electrical current andv then over e. suitable resistance into video signals.

In an alternative form of this invention a photovoltaic type of photocell is used. The photovoltaic photocell is shown in Fig. 3 and consists of light sensitive selenideor CuzO layer 176 of a light transparent conducting layer such as of silver 177 and of a conducting base such as of iron 175. 'I'he light falling on the light sensitive selenide changes its resistance and makes possible Ithe passage of current from the battery. At .the same time this photo- 'cell generates its own voltage whichmay be converted into video signals. The video signals 101 -having the pattern of the examined part are transmitted by means of -the llexible coaxial cable 102 to the ampliers 103 box 86.. 'Ihe photocell 85 is attached to the inner wall of the housing by means of the socket into which it is plugged in, or may be supported by brackets 85a.

'Ihe photocell is supplied with exible wire lead 90 connecting it with the source of electrical power 91 lo-v aminedorgan and anotherlight transparent window 93 on the other side of the partition which serves to admit the rellected light from the examined organ. These windows are correlated with windows 92a and 93a in the tlexible part of the endoscope provided with transparent glass, so that the illumination may be transmitted to the f examined part and the image of the examined part may be admitted to the prism 82. The light signals produced by the tlying spot of the kinescope can therefore be projected by the objective lens onto the examined part. The light signals retlected from the examined part can be gathered by the optical system and projected onto the photocell.

The housing 86 is attached to the inner walls 66a of the flexible part 66 of the endoscope by means of brackets 94 and threaded tube 95. The brackets are soldered or welded tothe inner walls of the endoscope so that the housing box maintains the proper position in the endoscope. 'I'hese brackets support the tube 95 which is threaded in its inner diameter. The housing 86 is threaded in its outer diameter and is screwed into the tube 95. Two additional support brackets 94a are provided to hold the tube 96 into which the housing slides in and rests therein.

The photocell 85 may be of photovoltaic or photoconductive -type and it is understood that any type of photocell falls withinthe scope of this invention. In the preferred form 'of the invention a photoconductive photocell 'tluoroescent screen where it may be visually examined or recorded. The operation of projection kinescope was described above and is well known in the art. In some instances video-signals produced` by lthe semi-conducting photocell are strong enough so that no further amplicahaving the light sensitive element such as of germanium l or selenium is used. Many sulph-ides and selenides are sistance from a source of electrical power s'uch as battery 9 1 situated outside of the body and connected to the photocell by means ofexible electrical cable 90. The peripheral electrode is connected to the ground. The light falling on one side of a thin wafer of germanium 84 vcontrolsltltte tlow of current in the collector wire 99.

Therefore, all point imagesproduced by the tlying spot tion ofsignals is necessary. Y

high voltage necessary for operation of the dying spot kinescope is obtained from power supply 89 situated outside of the examined body. The power supply for the photocell is provided by the battery 91. The elastic flexible insulated cables 88 and 90 connect sources of electrical power with -the kinescope and the photocell and provide the necessary energy for their operation. Instead of flexible cables 88 and 90 printed circuits may be u sed within the endoscope in order to further reduce its size. The synchronizing and detlecting circuits `for the ymg spot kinescope and for the projection knesoope are not shown in detail as they are well known in the art.

In case a true color image of .the examined organ -is wanted, three photocells are needed.

In this modification of my invention, see Fig. 7, the handle 1201's a rigid .tube of diameters corresponding to the examined part 2a and Vserves to move the'endoscope into a desired direction. At the end of the handle begins the flexible part 121 of the endoscope which also has the width and length appropriate for the size of the organ bein g investigated. Ihellexible part 121 of the endoscope is -means of threads and can be easily removed giving access to the inner structure of the endoscope. The tip consists of a solid conical rubber linger which facilitates gliding of the endoscope within the examined organ. In the distal end of the exible part of the endoscope there is a rigid non-transparent housing box 125 containing the illumination-system in-the form of a miniature tlying spot kine- The box` 125 is attached to the inner' walls of the endoscope by means of lthe brackets 126 and the threaded tube 126a, and is held in position in the similar manner as described previously in Fig. 5. The housing box is vprovided with the window 127 for transmission of the ,the light on one field. The kinescope is activated by the source of electrical power 129 situated outside of the examined body. The flexible electrical cable 130 leads from .the socket'119a to said outside source of electrical current 129. This cable is a lacquered double insulated electric wire, is covered with liquid rubber and is vulcanized in order to prevent a short circuit. a

The operation of 'the flying spot kinescope was described in detail above and illustrated in Fig. 6.

The fluorescent screen of the kinescope must be of a phosphor of a very short persistence in order to obtain a good resolution of image. ZnO phosphor has decay time of 1 microsecond and is suitable therefore for this purpose. Still better results will be obtained applying ZnS phosphor and utilizing only the ultraviolet component of its iluorescent emission which has the decay time of 1,60 microsecond.

The non-transparent partition 118 in the housing box 125 separates the compartment housing the kinescope 119 from the compartment 131l containing the optical system 136 and three photocells 137, 138, and 139. The compartment 131 has an opening 140 provided with transparent glass 140a which serves to admit the image of the examined part. This opening is correlated with window 141 in the tlexible part of the endoscope which is also provided with transparent glass 142 and which transmits the image of the examined part. The optical system 136 consists of 90 gable prism of Amici 143,

condenser lenses 144 and dichroic mirrors 145 and 146. This prism is designed not only to pick up the light rays reflected from the walls of the examined organ and to refract them to the condenser lens and dichroic mirrors, but also to rotate the image to the correct side, i. e. objects to the right of the objective will appear to the right in the visual field. The prism 143, the lens 144 are mounted in the cylindrical bracket 147 which yis threaded. The bracket is screwed onto the inner walls of the housing box 125.

The housing compartment 131 contains also three miniature photocells 137, 138 and 139.

The photocells are attached to the inner walls of the housing by means of sockets or brackets 137a, 1384: and 139e. Each bracket is supplied with the multiple wire exible cable 153, 154 and 155. These cables connect each socket with the outside source of electrical power 156. The light signals produced by the lying spot of the kinescope 119 are projected by the objective prism 128 onto the examined part. The light signals reflected from the examined part are gathered by the optical system 136 and projected through the crossed dichroic mirrors 145 and 146 onto photocells, 137, 138 and 139. The photocells 137, 138, and 139 may be of photoconductive or photovoltaic type described above. In the preferred embodiment of this invention photoconductive cells 137, 138 and 139 are used. Each photocell consists of a light sensitive element 84, of a peripheral electrode 100 and of a Whisker type collector 99.

The light sensitive element may be of germanium, or

selenium. Many sulphides and selenides are suitable for this purpose. The light falling on one side of a thin wafer of germanium 84 controls the ow of the current in the collector wire 99. Therefore all point images produced by the flying spot scanning illumination of the examined body can be converted by the photo-conductive photocells over a suitable resistance into video signals.

The dichroic mirrors are of the quarter wave dielectric-film type. This type of mirror is made by evaporation of alternate layers of insulators with high and low index of refraction of predetermined thickness on glass. The dichroic mirrors can be arranged in many diierent ways which are obvious to those skilled in the art. Due

to the fact that dichroic mirrors do not always have the ideal spectral response for the three basic chromatic components of the picture, thin absorption filters may be added in front of the photocells in order to improve upon color selectivity of the dichroic mirrors. The dichroic mirrors and 146 are supported by the brackets 147a attached to the inner wall of the housing 125..

The dichroic mirrors split the white light by allowing only certain wave lengths to pass through them while reilecting all other wave lengths. In this case the photocell 137 will be reached only by the red light, the photocell 138 only by the green light, and the photocell 139 only by the bue light. The light signals from the examined part projected by optical system 136 on the photosentive element of said three photocells are converted therein into video signals as explained above.

The video signals from each o f three photocells are transmitted simultaneously by means of the tlexible coaxial cables 150, 151 and 152 to three amplifiers 158, 159 and 160 outside of the examined body. The amplifiers must beof equalizing type in order to bring about correction for the decay of phosphor of the ying spot kinescope. Furthermore, the amplier must be nonlinear in order to maintain over all gamma of unity in the system. The amplifiers therefore for each basic chromatic component of the picture must have characteristic reciprocal to that of the ying spot kinescope. In some instances, video signals produced by semiconduct ing photocells are strong enough so that no further amplilication of signals is necessary.

The amplified video signals are conducted by the coaxial cables a, 151e and 152a to three projecting kinescopes 162, 163 and 164 located also outside o the examined body.

The projection kinescopes are identical except that their phosphors are selected for producing red, green and blue lights respectively. Each kinescope is provided with the video signals from one photocell corresponding to the particular color of its phosphor tluorescence.

It means video signals from the photocell 137 which receives red light signals are delivered only to the kinescope 162 having red phosphor screen. The signals from the photocell 138 which receives green light signals are delivered only to the kinescope 163 having phoshpor screen emitting green light. The signals from the photocell 139 which receives blue light signals are delivered only to the kinescope 164 which has blue light emitting phosphor screen. The amplified video signals from each photocell are applied to the grid of the corresponding projecting kinescope and modulate the intensity of its electron beam. The modulated electron beam reproduces the image of the examined part on the fluorescent screen of its kinescope. Each kinescope has its own projection lens. The lenses 165, 166 and 167 project these three color pictures produced by three kinescopes simultaneously on the viewing screen 168. In this way the final image 169 appears on the viewing screen in colors corresponding to the examined organ.

Each projection kinescope has its own deflection yoke. All yokes 170, 171, 172 are identical. The synchronizing and deecting circuits are not shown in order not to complicate the drawings as they are well known in the art.

The high voltages necessary for operation of the ilying spot kinescope and projection kinescopes are obtained from radio frequency power supply 129 situated outside of the examined body. The elastic exible insulated cables connect said source of power supply with theA k Y a :pegue 11 Instead of multiple proiection kinescopes, a single viewing tube with a composite viewing screen having three basic colors phosphors may be used. Many various projection kinescopes for reproduction o f color images' are known'in .the art and it is to be understood that all different forms of said kinescopes may be used in this invention.

The intensification of a final image of the examined internal pants `is provided by fthe amplifiers 36, 103 or 158. The changes in the contrast of thefinal image of the examined internal part are also obtained by the use of amplifiers. In such cases variable mu amplifiers are suitable for this purpose.

It should be understood that the term illumination and light used herein and in the appended claims may include visible and invisible light.

What is claimed is:

l.v A device for examination of an internal portion of a human body, which portion has a tortuous configuration and an irregular inner surface and exhibits, during examination, variations of its configuration and shape, said device consisting essentially of a source of illuminal2 tially of a source of illumination whereby the wall of the examined portion is illuminated and an image of said portion is produced, a vacuum tube, means for directing said image to said tube, said vacuum tube being provided with a composite screen comprising a light transparent electrically conducting layer adapted to be connected to the source of electrical potential and a photoconductive layer, and for converting said image into an electrical pattem corresponding to said image, said tube furthermore comprising means converting said electrical pattern into electrical signals, elongated housing means having a flexible part, said housing means supporting said source of illumination, said vacuum tube and said image-directing means, adapted in size and shape for introducing said deviceinto said examined portion, said housing means having furthermore a first window transmitting the light from said source of illumination to said examined portion and a second window admitting the light reflected by said examined portion, the walls of said flexible part of said housing means conforming v to configuration and shape of said gastro-intestinal trad,

tion whereby the wall of said internal portion is illuminated and an image of said internal portion is produced, image sensitive means disposed in said device for receiving said image, means for directing said image to v -said image sensitive means, said image sensitive means having a vacuum -tube provided with a composite screen comprising an electrically conducting -layer adapted to ing furthermore means for converting said image electrical signals, and elongated housing means having a flexible pan, said housing means/supporting said source of illumination, said image sensi-tive means and said image-directing means, and adapted in size and shape for introducing said device into. said internal portion, the wall of said flexible part of said housing means having elasticity to conform to the configuration and to the shape of said internal portion to prevent thereby the injury to said internal portion, and means connected to said image sensitive means for transmitting said electrical signals to the exterior of said body.

2. A device for examination of an internal portion of a human body, which pontion has a tortuous configuration and an irregular inner surface and exhibits, during examination,'variations of its configuration and shape, said device consisting essentially of a source of illumination whereby the wall of said internal portion is illuminated and an image of said internal portion is produced, image sensitive means disposed in said device for receiving said image, means for directing said image to said image sensitive means, said image sensitive means having a vacuum tube provided with a pheotocathode within said tube, said photocathode comprising an electrically conducting layer connected to thel source of electrica1 potential and a photoconductive layer adapted to be, and provided furthermore with means for producing an electron beam, said image sensitive means having furthermore means for converting said image into electrical signals, and elongated housing means having a flexible part, said housing means supporting said source of illumination., said image sensi-tive means and said image directing means, and adapted in size and shape for introducing said device into said internal portion, the wall of said flexible part of said housing means Ahaving elasticity to conform to the configuration and to the shape of said g. s if .i A l and means connected to said vacuum tube for transmitting saidA electrical signals to the exterior of said body.

4. A device for examination of an internal portion of a human body, which portion has a tortuous configuration and an irregular inner surface and exhibits during examination, variations of its configuration and shape, said device consisting essentially of a source of illuminati'on whereby the wall of said internal portion is illuminated and an image of said portion is produced, image sensitive means, means for producing plural color irnages of said internal portion, means for directing said color images to said image sensitive means, said image sensitive means having a vacuum tube provided with a photocathode within said tube, said photocathode comprising a light transparent electrically conducting layer adapted to be connected to the vsource of'electrical potential and a photoconductive layer, said image sensitive means having furthermore means for converting said image into electrical signals, elongated housing means having a flexible part, said housing means supporting all the aforesaidelements and being adapted in size and shape for introducing into said internal portion, the wall of said flexible part of said housing means having elasticity to conform to configuration and shape of said internal portion to prevent thereby injury to said internal portion, and means connected to said image sensitive means for transmitting said electrical signals to the exterior of said body.

5. A device for examination of an internal portion of a human body, which portion has a tortuous configuration and an'irregular inner surface and exhibits during examination, variations of its configuration and shape, said device consisting essentially of a vsource of illumination whereby the wall of said internal portion is illuminated and an image of said portion is produced, image sensitive means, means for producing plural color images of said internal portion, means for directing said color images to said image sensitive means, said image sensitive means having a vacuum tube provided with a photocathode within said tube, said photocathode compriaing an electrically conducting layer adapted to be connected to the source of electrical potential and a photo-conductive layer, and provided furthermore with means for producing an electron beam, said image sensitive'means having furthermore means for converting said image into electrical signals, elongated housing means having a flexible part, said housing means supporting all the aforesaid elements and being adapted in size and shape for introducing into said internal portion, the wall of said exible'part of said housing means having elasticity to conform to configuration and shape of said internal portion to prevent thereby injury to said internal portion, and means connected to said image sensitive t isis produced, a vacuum tube, means for directing said image to said' tube, said vacuum tube being provided with a photocathode, said photocathode comprising a light transparent electrically conducting iayer adapted to he connected to the source of electrical potential and a photoconductive layer having one surface uncovered, said tube being provided furthermore with means for converting said image into electrical signals, elongated housing means having a exible part, said housing means supporting said source of illumination, said vacuum tube and said image-directing means, being adapted in size and shape to be introduced into said internal portion, the wall of said iiexible part of said housing means having elasticity to conform to configuration and shape of said internal portion to prevent thereby injury to said inrnal portion, said housing means having furthermore means separating said source of illumination and said vacuum tube whereby only light reected by said internal portion is admitted to said vacuum tube, and means connected to said tube for transmitting said electrical sig nals to the exterior of said body.

7. A device for examination of an internal portion of a human body, which portion has a toituous contiguration and exhibits during examination variations of its contiguration and shape, said device comprising in combination a source of illumination whereby the wall of said internal portion is illuminated and an image of said portion is produced, image sensitive means having a vacuum tube provided with a photocathode, said photocathode comprising a light transparent electrically con-A ducting layer adapted to be connected to the source of electrical potential and a photoconductive layer, said vacuum tube being disposed in said device, means for directing said image of said internal portion to said vacuum tube, said vacuum tube producing in response to said image an electrical pattern having at least two dimensions corresponding to said image, and being provided furthcrmore with means for converting sadelec- `:tical pattern into electrical signals, elongated housing means supporting said source of illumination, said image sensitive means and said image-directing means, being adapted in size and shape to be introduced into said nternal portion, said housing means having a rst window transmitting the light from said source of illumination to said internal portionand a second window for admitting the light retlected by said internal portion, said housing means having furthermore means separating said source of illumination and said image sensitive means whereby only light reflected by said internal poltion is admitted to said image sensitive means, and means connected to said device for transmitting said electrical signals representing said image to the exterior of said body.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,965,103 Kitroser July 3,' 1934 2,021,907 Zworykin Nov. 26, 1935 2,215,365 Vestergren Sept. 17, 1940 2,234,806 Ploke Mar. 1l, 1941 2,236,842 Allyn Apr. 1, 1941 2,280,561 Wappler Apr. 21, 1942 2,335,180 Goldsmith Nov. 23, 1943 2,349,932 Back May 30, 1944 2,378,746 Beers June 19, 1945 2,389,645 Sleeper Nov. 27, 1945 2,433,971 Adams Jan. 6, 1948 2,516,132 Marcouiller July 25, 1950 2,593,925 Sheldon Apr. 22, 1952 2,595,553 Weimer May 6, 19,52 2,632,801 Donaldson Mar. 24. 1953 2,649,500 Fedorchalt Aug. 18, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 526,643 Germany Iune 8, 1931 604,198 Great Britain June 30, 1948 728,187 Germany -..l Nov, 2l, 1942 885,770 Germany Aug. 6, 1953 

